Over 21 years to 2014, the richest quintile -- top 20 per cent of the population by income? -- undergoing caesarean section deliveries in India has gone up from 10 per cent to 30 per cent, raising the country's average caesarean-section rates from five per cent to 18 per cent over the same period, according to a recent analysis of national health data. The rate of caesarean section among the poor has stayed the same over this period: five per cent.
International researchers presented these facts during the launch of Maternal Health Series 2016, a report released in Mumbai on February 3 by The Lancet, a peer-reviewed global medical journal. The event was part of the Human Rights in Childbirth India Conference.
An independent analysis of data from the National Family Health Survey (1992-93 to 2015-16) and Rapid Survey on Children 2013-14 pegs India's caesarean-section rate at 18 per cent, higher than the Lancet report's estimate of 10 per cent.
The caesarean section is a globally recognised maternal health-care indicator: When caesarean section rates rise towards 10 per cent across a population, maternal and newborn deaths decrease; if the rate goes above 10 per cent -- as appears to be the case in India -- there is no evidence of improvement in maternal or neonatal mortality, according to a 2015 World Health Organisation (WHO) statement.
A caesarean section may be necessary when vaginal delivery poses a risk to the mother or baby. However, caesarean sections can cause significant complications, disability or death, particularly in settings that lack the facilities to conduct safe surgeries or treat potential complications, the WHO warned.
State-wise data showed higher caesarean section rates in private facilities than public-health institutions. For instance, the caesarean section rate in private facilities of Tripura is close to 74 per cent while in public institutions it is about 18 per cent. It is the same in West Bengal, where caesarean-section rates in private and public health-care institutions are 70.9 per cent and 18.8 per cent, respectively.
Rajasthan has the lowest caesarean-section rates in private facilities at 23.2 per cent, whereas Bihar has the lowest rate in public institutions at 2.6 per cent. Telangana reported the highest caesarean-section rate in both private and public institution at 75 per cent and 40.6 per cent, respectively.
The National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4) of 2015-16 reflects the disparities in caesarean section between urban and rural, and rich and poor. In Tripura, 87.1 per cent and 57.6 per cent births in private facilities in urban and rural areas, respectively, were caesarean sections, according to NFHS-4.
Telangana registers the highest incidence of C-section use in India at 58 per cent. ?Caesarean section rates rose across states over a decade to 2015-16. In Tamil Nadu, percentage of caesarean-section births rose from 20.3 per cent in 2005-06 to 34.1 per cent in 2015-16. Goa followed at 31.4 per cent, up from 25.7 per cent in 2005-06.
In Manipur, the rate went from nine per cent in 2005-06 to 21.1 per cent in 2015-16; in Assam and Odisha from 5.3 per cent to 13.4 per cent and 5.1 per cent to 13.8 per cent, respectively.
Low-income countries reported lower rates of caesarean section (up to 10 per cent) as compared to the middle-income and high-income countries, reported the Lancet. Worldwide, the highest caesarean-section rates are in middle-income countries, ranging between 40 per cent and 60 per cent.
"The reason for such high rates is less regulation in some of these countries, which are just emerging from being low-income countries, and there is an allure in technology," said Suellen Miller, one of the lead authors of the Series, and professor at the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Health, University of California, San Francisco.
Unnecessary caesarean sections also pull resources away from other services in overloaded and weak health systems.
To describe the disparity in caesarean section rates between countries and within countries, the Series' authors have coined a phrase: "Too little, too late and too much, too soon."
Too little, too late describes care with inadequate resources, and is responsible for high maternal mortality in low-income countries where women die due to lack of timely health care. Nearly five women die every hour in India from complications during childbirth with heavy blood loss caused by haemorrhage being a major factor.
Too much, too soon is a problem of high-income countries, where women experience routine over-medicalisation of normal pregnancy and birth. These include induction of labour, augmentation with oxytocin (hormone), caesarean section, episiotomy (surgical cut made at opening of the vagina during childbirth), excess fetal monitoring, etc.
In 2010, over 3.5 million to 5.7 million unnecessary caesarean sections were done in high-income and middle-income countries, whereas one million to 3.5 million caesarean sections were needed but not performed in low-income countries, points out The Lancet Series.
Natural birth is a waiting game whereas the caesarean section is quick and saves time for both the doctor and the patient. Rich families can afford caesarean sections, which offer doctors better money than a vaginal delivery. Also, doctors fear repercussions (physical abuse or legal) in case something goes wrong.
"Corporate hospitals have surgical targets for doctors, which if they fail to meet, they are shown the door," said Fatima Poonawala, gynaecologist and obstetrician based in Bengaluru, who was forced to quit her corporate practice. She now runs her own Afia Clinic. The figure of 10-15 per cent caesarean section rate in India is an underestimation, she said.
"The data of National Family Health Survey and the Lancet Series is just a tip of the iceberg," said Arun Gadre, gynaecologist and obstetrician, and coordinator of Pune-based NGO Support for Advocacy and Training to Health Initiatives (SATHI), which runs a campaign on health for all. Both urban and rural areas in India are facing "an epidemic of unregulated caesarean section births."
On the face of it, an overall 10 per cent caesarean section rate in India seems acceptable. But, in reality, we need to disaggregate everything into public, private, urban, rural, wealthy, poor. The disparities are "huge and worrisome", said Miller.
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