Hand-Stitching
Flip the fabric over. Turn the material over so the wrong side is facing you. Any knots you make will be visible on this side, but not on the right side of the fabric. You should also be able to see the length of nearby stitches you just made.Tip: Try to leave at least 6 inches (15 cm) of thread on your needle so that you can secure a stitch without losing the end of the thread.
Slide the needle under the nearest stitch and pull it to make a loop. Insert your needle under the stitch that's closest to your thread and pull it so it comes out the other side. Then, pull until the thread forms a loop that's at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) wide. If you don't leave enough thread on the needle, it might be difficult to make the loop. To make it easier, tie more thread to the end of the thread on your needle. Then, slide the needle onto the extended thread.
Insert the needle through the loop and pull it tightly to make a knot. Bring the needle over the loop so the loop looks like a closed circle. Then, push the needle through the loop and keep pulling so the loop closes to form a knot. If you pull the thread up at this point, you should see 3 small threads at the base of your knot.
Tie the thread through another loop to double knot the stitch. If you're working with thick fabric or just want to ensure that the stitches are secure, insert your needle through the same stitch to make another loop. Then, pull the needle through the loop and pull it tightly to make another knot. Remember that these knots won't be visible on the right side of your fabric.
Trim the excess thread and turn your fabric over. Take a pair of sharp scissors and cut close to the knot you just made. It's fine if a little thread sticks out from the stitch since you won't see this side of the fabric. Then, flip the fabric over to see the stitches you made. Don't worry if you trim close to the knot; as long as you pulled the knot tight, it won't loosen over time.
Machine-Stitching
Machine stitch your fabric until you're ⁄4 inch (1.9 cm) from an edge. You can use any type of stitch you like, such as straight or zigzag. Sew until you almost reach the end of your fabric and you're ready to finish. If you're not used to sewing and ending stitches on a machine, practice with a few scraps of fabric until you feel comfortable handling the machine.
Press the reverse button. Depending on the type of sewing machine you're using, the reverse button should be close to your stitch dial. It may look like a small circle with a u-turning arrow which indicates that the machine will make stitches in the reverse direction. Some machines require you to hold down the reverse button while you're making the stitches. Check to see if you need to do this or if you only have to press the button to start and stop reverse stitching.
Make 3 to 5 backstitches. Once you've pressed the reverse button, use the hand wheel or foot pedal to sew 3 to 5 backstitches. The machine will work these stitches directly over the straight or zigzag stitches that you already made. This will secure what you've just sewn.Tip: To make your end stitches even more secure, you can adjust your stitch length. Make them shorter so they don't pull out or unravel as easily as long ones. The hand dial will give you more control than the foot pedal when making just a few stitches.
Forward stitch to the end of the fabric. Let go of the reverse button and straight or zigzag stitch over the stitches you just made. Keep stitching until you reach the edge of the fabric. Your stitches are now locked in place. The end of your fabric will now have 3 lines of thread that overlap to end the stitch.
Lift up the needle and cut the thread. Use the handwheel to lift the needle and lift the presser foot lever up. Now you can slide your sewn fabric out from under the needle and cut the thread near the last stitch. Some machines have a small thread cutter built into the side of the machine. To use this cutter, press the thread down on the blade to trim it.
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