Microwaving plastic food containers can release billions of small toxic plastic particles, according to a study.
The researchers found that microwaving plastic baby food containers released over two billion nanoplastics and four million microplastics for every square centimetre of container in some cases.
The study, published recently in the journal Environmental Science & Technology, also found that three-quarters of cultured embryonic kidney cells had died after two days of being introduced to those same particles.
”It is really important to know how many micro- and nano-plastics we are taking in,” said Kazi Albab Hussain, the study’s lead author and a doctoral student at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln, US.
”Many studies, including ours, are demonstrating that the toxicity of micro- and nano-plastics is highly linked to the level of exposure,” Hussain added.
The team conducted experiments with two baby food containers made from polypropylene and a reusable pouch made of polyethene, both plastics approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
In one experiment, the researchers filled the containers with either deionised water or 3 per cent acetic acid — the latter intended to simulate dairy products, fruits, vegetables and other relatively acidic consumables — then heated them at full power for three minutes in a 1,000-watt microwave.
Afterwards, they analysed the liquids for evidence of micro- and nano plastics: the micro being particles at least 1/1,000th of a millimetre in diameter, the nano any particles smaller.
The actual number of each particle released by microwaving depended on multiple factors, including the plastic container and the liquid within it.
However, based on a model that factored in particle release, body weight, and per-capita ingestion of various food and drink, the team estimated that infants drinking products with microwaved water and toddlers consuming microwaved dairy products are taking in the greatest relative concentrations of plastic.
Experiments designed to simulate the refrigeration and room-temperature storage of food or drink over a six-month span also suggested that both could lead to the release of micro- and nano-plastics, the researchers said.
The team, including Svetlana Romanova from the University of Nebraska Medical Center, cultured and exposed embryonic kidney cells to the actual plastic particles released from the containers.
Rather than introduce just the number of particles released by one container, the researchers instead exposed the cells to particle concentrations that infants and toddlers might accumulate over days or from multiple sources.
After two days, just 23 per cent of kidney cells exposed to the highest concentrations had managed to survive — a much higher mortality rate than that observed in earlier studies of micro- and nano-plastic toxicity.
Regardless of its experimental conditions, the team found that polypropylene containers and polyethene pouches generally release about 1,000 times more nanoplastics than microplastics.
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